To record the world on a map, that specific map must be held in the player's hands while the player moves around the world.

This way, no two maps of the same size can ever partially overlap and every map can display only a fixed area. To make a map that is not identical to the first one, the player would have to move outside of the edges of the first map (because then they would be in a new grid square). For example, if a player uses a new map in a certain grid square, and then moves a distance away and uses another fresh map but is still within the same grid square, both maps appear identical. The map does not center on the player when created, rather, the world is broken up into large invisible grid squares, and the map displays the area of whichever grid square it is in when it is first used. A pointed oval pointer indicates the player's position on the map, and moves in real-time as the player moves across the terrain shown on the map.

After conversion to a drawn map item, it starts to draw a top-down view of the player's surroundings, with North pointing to the top of the map. This map can then be adjusted to different zoom levels. The map is drawn for the first time when it is held and used (with use item).

Map city minecraft 1.12.2